The VOF model has been validated for various cases including impingement of a droplet on a flat surface at temperatures below or above the Leidenfrost point of vaporisation, liquid film development in pressure-swirl atomisers and liquid droplet detachment from carbon-porous surfaces. Representative examples are shown below.

(click image for animation)

Comparison between experimental photographs and calculations of a liquid droplet impinging on a flat surface at 104^oC (below the Leidenfrost point of vaporisation). Droplet deposition occurs. Liquid vaporisation is included in this calculation

(click image for animation)

Comparison between experimental photographs and calculations of a liquid droplet impinging on a flat surface at 205^oC (above the Leidenfrost point of vaporisation). Fast vaporisation between the surface and the liquid forms a vapour film between them which prevents actual contact and results to droplet rebound.

Comparison between experimental results and calculations for the temporal development of the lamela formed during liquid droplet impinging on a flat surface at 20^oC covered with a liquid film

Comparison between experimental results and calculations for the temporal development of the lamela formed during water droplet impinging on a flat dry-cold pyrex glass plate (advancing angle 60degrees, receding angle 22degrees, Weber No=58.4)

Comparison between experimental results and calculations for the temporal development of the lamela formed during water droplet impinging on a flat dry-cold wax-coated plate (advancing angle 92degrees, receding angle 60degrees, Weber No=64)

Comparison between experimental results and calculations for the temporal development of the lamela formed during water droplet impinging on a flat dry pyrex glass plate (advancing angle 60degrees, receding angle 22degrees, Weber No=74)

Comparison between experimental results and calculations for the temporal development of the liquid film thickness formed inside the injection hole of a pressure-swirl atomiser and the resulting axial and swirl liquid velocity components

Comparison between experimental results and calculations for the temporal development of the near-nozzle spray angle formed at the hole exit of a pressure-swirl atomiser

Carbon paper                            Carbon cloth

Comparison between experimental results (lines) and calculations (background) for the terminal shape of a droplet attached on the surface of a porous carbon materials, having different contact angles.

Comparison between experimental results and calculations for the separation line of water droplets attached on porous carbon surfaces, having different contact angles.

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