Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements can be used for the characterisation of the mean and turbulent flow field of various flow types, such as in nozzles and internal combustion engines. Additionally, phase Doppler anemometry (PDA) point measurements provide simultaneously the droplet size and velocity of the spray plume. Laser induced fluorescence (LIF) can provide the liquid and vapour distribution of evaporating sprays. Such measurements can be used for characterising temporally and spatially sprays and providing validation data for CFD models.

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